By Ramón Spaaij
Soccer hooliganism periodically generates common political and public anxiousness. even with the efforts made and assets invested over the last a long time, soccer hooliganism remains to be perceived by way of politicians, policymakers and media as a stressful social challenge. This hugely readable ebook presents the 1st systematic and empirically grounded comparability of soccer hooliganism in numerous nationwide and native contexts. centred round the six Western ecu soccer golf equipment on which the writer did his study, the booklet indicates how varied golf equipment event and comprehend soccer hooliganism in several methods. the improvement and results of anti-hooligan regulations also are assessed. The emphasis all through is at the significance of context, social interplay and collective identification for figuring out soccer hooliganism. This booklet should be crucial studying for someone attracted to soccer tradition, hooliganism and collective violence.
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Extra resources for Understanding football hooliganism: a comparison of six Western European football clubs
Example text
The development of football hooliganism over time can only be fully understood if one also takes into account the diverse social interactions between football hooligans and ‘significant others’. As we will see in the following section, these ‘others’ are crucial to the construction of hooligan identities. Aspects of hooligan violence If we accept that football hooliganism presents a case of great practical heterogeneity, where does this leave us? Can common aspects be identified, or should we merely describe and evaluate football hooliganism in individual, microlevel situations?
28 Local and regional variations in the social backgrounds of ultras and hooligans also appear to exist in other Western European countries. Ek (1996: 73) has noted that West German hooligans come from all social classes and that, in the 1990s, there was an increasing dominance of young men from middle or upper-class milieus within hooligan groups. In contrast, football hooliganism in East Germany traditionally contained a strong element of social protest and provocation which can be located within the identity crisis of the East and its depressing social circumstances (Pilz, 1991: 117-119).
It is not entirely clear in Giulianotti’s analysis whether these postmodernist influences have come to replace more ‘modern’ forms of football hooliganism or coexist with them in various constellations depending on the specific situations at different clubs and in different countries. Moreover, there appear to be important variations in the national trajectories of football culture and hooliganism, which thwart the division of spectator cultures into the categories ‘traditional’, ‘modern’ and ‘postmodern’.