By T.R.S.L. Payne
This paintings is meant as an advent to the learn of Soviet psy chology. In it we've got attempted to offer the most traces of Soviet psycho logical idea, specifically, the philosophical ideas on which that thought is based. There are unusually few books in English on Soviet psychology, or, certainly, in any Western eu language. The works that exist frequently take the shape of symposia or are collections of articles translated from Soviet periodicals. an important of those are Psychology within the Soviet Union (ed. through Brian Simon), fresh Soviet Psychology (ed. through Neil O'Connor) and Soviet Psychology, A Symposium (ed. through Ralf Winn). Raymond Bauer has additionally edited an engaging symposium entitled a few perspectives on Soviet Psychology. in simple terms systematic reviews of Soviet psychology were released so far: Joseph Wortis' Soviet Psychiatry and Raymond Bauer's the hot guy in Soviet Psychology. either are beneficial introductions to Soviet psychology; Bauer's publication, particularly, supplies a very good account of the debates on mental thought within the Soviet Union within the nineteen twenties and -thirties. either, even if, are a bit old-fashioned. There also are a couple of fascinating articles written via Ivan D. London and Gregory Razran, which provide normal surveys of specific classes or points of Soviet psychology. those were indexed within the bibliography.
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1. Cf. especially p. 279, pp. 283-297. " Marx, Kapital, p. XXVI. , p. XXVIII. 98 K. Marx, F. Engels, Die Heilige Familie oder Kritik der kritischen Kritik, MEW, Bd. 2, p. 138. " Marx, Engels, Deutsche Ideologie, p. 36. 100 Cf. Gustav Mayer, Friedrich Engels: Eine Biographie, 2 Bd. , London 1935). 101 F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie, MEW, Bd. 21, p. 275. 102 Marx, Kritik der Hegelschen Dialektik und Philosophie, MW, Bd. 1, p. 662. " Engels, Anti-Diihring, p.
Engels' monism is combined with categorial pluralism. The monism of the Russian physiological psychologists is strictly categorial. Engels conceives of reality as a hierarchy divided into different levels, each with its own specific laws. These levels are different forms of the motion of matter, beginning with simple mechanical change and ascending through chemical and organic change to the highest form of motion which is human thought. 135 The affirmation of the dialectical nature of reality is the key to the reconciliation of the material unity of the world with the special irreducible nature of the psychic.
28 Mechanism in one form or other remained the dominant trend in Soviet philosophy in the decade immediately following the Revolution, though it represented a trend of thought common to a large number of philosophers and natural scientists rather than a consciously coherent movement. In the course of the discussion on the philosophical foundations of science the term 'mechanist' was applied to writers of such dissident philosophic opinions as O. Minin, I. I. Stepanov, L. I. Aksel'rod, N. Buxarin, etc.