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By Alan S. Gerber, Eric M. Patashnik

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Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values, 2d ed. (Yale University Press, 1963). 4. This is the basic logic behind models of rent seeking, in which concentrated interests attempt to use government to create barriers to competition that generate rents, or economic profits. See James M. Buchanan, Robert D. , Toward a Theory of the Rent-Seeking Society (Texas A&M University Press, 1980). Also see James Q. , The Politics of Regulation (New York: Basic Books, 1980). 5. Because it is costly to assess the performance of incumbents, the heuristic may be quite crude: reward incumbents for good times and punish them for bad, no matter what the possible extenuating circumstances.

In response to these weaker incentives for efficiency, as well as to reduce the risks of the use of bureaus for partisan political ends, bureau designers typically impose various ex ante controls on bureau managers, such as civil service constraints governing employment practices and line item budgets to restrict discretion in the use of resources. qxd 28 9/26/06 11:49 AM Page 28 David L. Weimer and Aidan R. Vining difficult for bureau managers to innovate than their private sector counterparts.

At the most fundamental level, no fair social choice rule can guarantee a coherent social ordering of more than two alternatives. Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values, 2d ed. (Yale University Press, 1963). 4. This is the basic logic behind models of rent seeking, in which concentrated interests attempt to use government to create barriers to competition that generate rents, or economic profits. See James M. Buchanan, Robert D. , Toward a Theory of the Rent-Seeking Society (Texas A&M University Press, 1980).

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