By A. W. Price
As earthquakes reveal geological faults, so psychological clash finds trends to rupture in the brain. Dissension is rife not just among humans but additionally inside them, for every people is topic to a contrariety of wishes, ideals, motivations, aspirations. What snapshot are we to type of ourselves that may top let us to just accept the truth of discord, or in achieving the correct of concord? Greek philosophers provide us a number of photos and constructions meant to catch the particular and the potential both inside a cause that fails to be resolute, or inside of a break up soul that homes a play of forces. mirrored image upon them indicators us to the elusiveness instantly of psychological fact, and of the certainty during which we are hoping to seize and remodel it. learning in flip the remedies of Mental Conflict in Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics, A.W. expense demonstrates how the arguments of the Greeks are nonetheless suitable to philosophical dialogue this day.
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Extra info for Mental Conflict
Sample text
Irrational desires are directed at pleasures (d8), and love is desire of a kind (d3), directed at the enjoyment of beauty (238c1). Such desires are innate (237d7–8), and so precede the acquisition—or else, on Plato’s own doctrine of recollection, the recovery—of concepts. ’ What other concepts than that of pleasure attach themselves to desires? Not only in the case of love (d4–5), there is also the concept of beauty. What must the intelligent subject of desire think of as beautiful? Given that the lover will be described as being ‘under compulsion to pursue the pleasant in preference to the good’ (239c4–5), and that Plato tends to treat the terms ‘good’ and ‘beautiful’ as evident equivalents (cf.
Socrates blames an illusion of perspective whereby proximity increases apparent magnitude (c5–8). The failure is to calculate correctly, and the cure is an ‘art of measurement’ (metrêtikê technê) to reduce ‘the power of appearances’ (d4). Without it, we are lost, and vacillate in our acts and choices between resolving and ruing (d4–6); with it, our lives will be saved (356e8–357b3). The experience that looked like one of being weaker than, or overcome by, pleasure turns out, under analysis, to be one of a kind of error that comes of a lack of the knowledge that only measurement can supply.
The former is grammatically improbable (cf. Taylor 1991:189–90), while the second seems too weak for the conditional: what is necessary in the sense of needed is discovered and not created by reflection, so that it is not only if one reflects that one ‘must’, in the sense of ‘needs’, do what is needed. Plato’s meaning is more likely betwixt and between: where quantitative comparisons can be made, deliberation, in the etymological sense of weighing up, removes all but one of the options, where what is optional depends upon what may indeed be best for all that one knows; one will then attempt the action that deliberation has promoted from a ‘may’ to a ‘must’.