Download Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World by Peter I. Bogucki PDF

By Peter I. Bogucki

The four-volume "Encyclopedia of Society and tradition within the historic World" bargains accomplished insurance of the traditional global, from prehistory to the autumn of Rome, together with Western and non-Western cultures and civilizations. An advent outlines the most important milestones within the improvement of human society, from the peoples of the Ice Age whose lifestyle was once so significantly diverse from ours to the electorate of Greece and Rome whom we simply realize from background books. The sixty nine signed entries - together with 14 on "major" issues with extra in-depth insurance - supply readers with an summary of a number of the ways that humans lived within the past.Each access explores a selected subject around the whole global, starting with an creation that outlines the most important advancements in chronological series, via subsections at the following facilities of civilization: Africa, Egypt, the center East, Asia and the Pacific, Europe, Greece, Rome, and the Americas. every one access concludes with an inventory of "see also" references to comparable entries, by way of another studying checklist of books, articles, and websites at the topic.
Primary resource files, sidebars, and greater than 250 black-and-white images and maps complement the textual content. A thesaurus, basic bibliography, chronology by way of area, and entire index make this set an easy-to-use and crucial reference for prime tuition and faculty scholars, researchers, and normal readers alike.

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Extra resources for Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Ancient World (Encyclopedia of Society & Culture in the Ancient World)

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Artisans decorated these pieces with precious stones, including obsidian, turquoise, shell, serpentine, agate, jasper, and carnelian, a stone im- adornment: The Middle East ported from India. A favorite blue stone, lapis lazuli, was imported from the mountains of modern-day Afghanistan and worked into rings and necklaces. Gold was pounded into thin leaf and used as a setting, often shaped into leaves, cones, and abstract geometrical forms. Some larger items of adornment allowed artists the space to depict the gods and spirits, or favorite scenes from myth.

The Hopewell Indians of North America (ca. ) left burial sites that also provide modern-day archaeologists and anthropologists with indications of what ancient American adornment looked like. In Hopewell burials archaeologists have discovered earspools, which often were made of copper, a costly material commonly used in jewelry. Earspools also were made of silver, sometimes in conjunction with copper, providing a contrast in color. Because ancient American cultures were deeply steeped in symbolism, the circular shape of the earspool probably was meaningful.

Some larger items of adornment allowed artists the space to depict the gods and spirits, or favorite scenes from myth. Pectorals were small plates sewn together, suspended from the neck and worn on the chest or over the abdomen. Pectorals (also used as body armor) and belts most commonly were worn by men, while both sexes wore armbands around the upper arm and bracelets on the forearm near the wrist. The Mesopotamians also wore knee rings, ankle rings, toe rings, and finger rings. The cylinder seal, which was originally meant to mark documents and possessions, later developed into a personal accessory.

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