By Harrison, Peter; Wilson, Michael
This booklet is a pragmatic advisor to the detection and therapy of faults in claddings and fixings on constructions. It units out the issues enthusiastic about universal cladding structures for constructions, and relates those difficulties to the entire fabrics used: stone, masonry, concrete and glass-reinforced composites
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Extra resources for Appraisal and Repair of Claddings and Fixings
Sample text
In addition, and very importantly, supervision must be strict and well controlled. 1. Concrete panel The failure illustrated in Fig. 7 is caused by movement of several types, and it clearly shows the very high forces which can be induced. There is evidence of temperature movement, elastic compression, out of balance rotation and faulty installation. Any one of these situations can be bad on its own; here all are combined. In an analysis of the case, the following points may be noted • • • • • • rigid fixings obvious centre of gravity action outside line of support long panels inducing considerable movement channel cast into column and bonding straps not bent back (most are now supplied preformed) edge distance from channel to column corner, which reduces effective 'cone' area and accelerates early tensile failure cracked support nib.
Provided the wall is generally stable this will be satisfactory. Any unstable sections should, of course, be replaced or at least stabilized satisfactorily. Cutting joints into existing brickwork will leave free ends, and the standard spacing of wall ties, if the unit is of cavity construction, will need to be augmented with additional remedial ties of some kind. One of the most common forms of brick facing failure takes place on parapet walls, and is especially common if the backing member is formed as a concrete upstand.
Natural stone less than 50 mm thick Slate, marble, travertine and granite are the materials that most commonly fail. These failures are generally attributable to movement or imposed accidental loads. It is not a simple matter to repair stones in situ and often the failure will be localized. To take off a whole wall of stones for an isolated problem is costly. It may be possible to work back from an end stone, but generally the only sensible solution will be to face-fix the stones. It is possible that movement perhaps caused by thermal forces is due to a shortage of fixings or a lack of movement joints.