By Judith E Tucker
The 19th century in Egypt used to be a interval of fast social and monetary switch, led to by means of the country's constructing ties with the eu economic system. concentrating on lower-class ladies, this examine lines adjustments within the paintings function and kin lifetime of peasant ladies within the nation-state and craftswomen and investors in Cairo, and explores the area of the slave girl. the consequences of capitalist transformation on ladies are studied intimately, utilizing fabric from the Islamic courtroom files. the results of the Egyptian strategy of kingdom formation and colonial rule are mentioned: the expansion of the nation equipment, its social companies and repressive skill, introduced new sorts of intervention into women's lives. The booklet presents a special account of the very lively financial, social and political roles of nineteenth-century girls, from the peasant and road pedlar to the slave of the harem.
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13 The limited cultivation of summer crops was clearly a source of profit to the multazims. Although the peasant family could organize its labor and production as it wished to insure family subsistence and to meet tax obligations, political incursions and the whims of nature might combine to render rational calculation useless. 15 Political turmoil also placed heavy burdens on peasant resources: warring Mamluke houses imposed extraordinary levies in the form of taxes and billeting costs in the late eighteenth century, sometimes causing a desperate peasantry to flee their exactions.
The rice crop of Lower Egypt was similarly monopolized and by 1816 flax, sesame, safflower, safflower seeds, indigo, cotton, beans, and barley came under total state control. The government advanced seeds and animals to the 25 Women in nineteenth-century Egypt falldhin who in turn had to cultivate and transport the crop to a local depot. The State assigned crop prices and, after the deduction of advances and employees' salaries, the falldh received a voucher for the balance. The falldhin thus lost all control over the marketing of their produce.
The Egyptian peasant family, formerly a semi-autonomous producer with usufructory land rights and substantial control of labor time and production, was increasingly supervised and subject to widespread expropriation of its land and labor. 1850-1882: Agriculture during the cotton boom Such pressures on peasant family arrangements were further intensified by the spread of cotton cultivation, particularly during the 1860s. Egyptian peasants had long been encouraged to pay at least part of their land taxes in cash, and thus were accustomed to growing marketable crops; up through the 1850s, however, grains, particularly wheat, probably remained the leading cash crop.