By Roger King (auth.)
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Example text
Nor are these simply moral bounds. A distinguishing characteristic of western European kingship from other types of patrimonial rule, is that it had to face considerable organisational resources possessed by the Christian church, which would be used against the absolute claims of secular rulers by submitting them to stringent legal, canonical enquiry. Consequently, 'democratic' notions of the 'consent of the people', of a reciprocal obligation between ruler and ruled, are at least nascent in medieval political practice and provide the foundations for their later, more formally legalistic, consolidation.
A large part of American political sociology largely ignored the subject of the state in its consideration of Anglo-American society, and focused instead on behaviourally-based notions of social power. The state was conceived as either one group of actors among others, or simply as a switchboard for transmitting different social demands. merged in the 1960s in American sociology a renewed interest in the state from the perspective of functionalism. The functionalist model of the state, as found in the works of Smelser (1963), Eisenstadt (1966), Parsons (1966) and Bendix (1964), for example, rested on the view of an increasing differentiation of the sphere of public authority from that of private social relations.
In the late 1960s and 1970~, the limitations of the sociology of democracy were exposed by the eruption in the West of more conflictual political events than assumed by the model and the consequent scrutiny by more radical, often Marxist critiques that became more influential in the social sciences. This result was a greater eclecticism in political sociology in the 1970s and 1980s which reflects a continuing recognition of the advances made by the dominant orthodoxy as 30 The State in Modern Society well as the stimulation and theoretical sophistication of the 'the new political sociology'.