By Lower S. K.
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Example text
To understand how energy and the kinetic worldview got into physics in the first half of the 19th century, we must first grant that scientists in this period had a strong desire to unify their theories of different phenomena and were fascinated by experiments showing the interrelations of diverse forces in nature. The desire for unity may originally have been associated, as has been suggested by Kuhn (1959) and others, with Romantic nature philosophy and its postulate that all phenomena are manifestations of a single underlying force or an antagonism of two opposing forces in an organismic universe.
Whether the matter is fluid, has weight, is composed of discrete particles, etc. are subsidiary problems that can be worked out once the primary issue of substance versus quality has been settled. 16 At the beginning of the 19th century it was widely accepted, in part on Newton's authority, that light is a substance-in particular, a stream of particles. Thomas Young failed to change this situation, either by performing his famous two-slit interference experiment or by quoting statements of Newton in favor of a wave theory.
That was the suggestion of Roger Boscovich (1758), and it has often been adopted by scientists in the last 200 years. Both solutions have disadvantages. In Huygens' theory one has to abandon any definite description of a force acting between two atoms when they collide. In Boscovich's theory the tangible atom is replaced by a system of forces, and it is difficult to see how a mathematical point can have all the properties we attribute to atoms. These difficulties in finding a consistent and plausible model of the atom did not prevent scientists from accepting Newton's theory of gas pressure.