By Chaplot S.L. (eds.)
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Note that St and R may consist of concrete as well as abstract physical quantities, putting forward, in the second case, that one cannot go against the principle of causality. In fact, (F, f ) and Pext represent pseudoexternal mechanical forces and a pseudolongitudinal (E exists only for LO modes) plane wave of polarization density to be added in the original mechanical and electrical equations, respectively. 3 by adding Pext to the polarization term (by definition, Pext is already defined per crystal unit volume).
Less probably (106–1012 times less) part of the incident energy is taken to set one optical phonon in motion, or on the contrary one optical phonon is consumed during the light/matter interaction. The pulsation of the scattered light (vs) is accordingly shifted with respect to the incident one (vi) – downward for a Stokes process and upward for an anti-Stokes one – of the pulsation of the optical phonon (V) brought into play. Such inelastic scattering is referred to as the first-order Raman scattering (a single optical phonon is involved).
Again, a large sample is needed, that is, some millimeters long. The latest technique, a pump-probe one, is PS. With this, a pump laser pulse is sent onto an absorbing sample (a metal), creating a heat pulse that propagates throughout the sample. Some picoseconds after the pump, a probe laser beam is sent to detect the arrival of the heat pulse at the other end of the sample, and measures the transit time. Unfortunately, for the moment, only the longitudinal acoustical modes can be detected by this technique.