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When studying the Pacific yew’s close relative, the European yew, chemists made an exciting discovery that led to the second solution. The needles and twigs of the European yew contain 10-deacetylbaccatin III, shown at the bottom of the page. A few reaction steps can transform 10-deacetylbaccatin III into TAXOL. Instead of destroying an entire Pacific yew tree for a single treatment of TAXOL, scientists can now use the needles from a European yew. The parent tree is not harmed. As you have already learned, the study of organic chemistry is really the study of functional groups.
Addition Reactions In an addition reaction, atoms are added to a double or triple bond. One bond of the multiple bond breaks so that two new bonds can form. To recognize an addition reaction, remember that two compounds usually react to form one major product. ) The product has more atoms bonded to carbon atoms than the organic reactant did. A general example of addition to an alkene is given below. CH CH + XY → X Y CH CH Addition reactions are common for alkenes and alkynes. Addition reactions can also occur at a CϭO bond.
Amines with low molecular masses have a distinctive fishy smell. Also, many offensive odours of decay and decomposition are caused by amines. For example, cadavarine, H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 , contributes to the odour of decaying flesh. ” • Like ammonia, amines act as weak bases. Since amines are bases, adding an acid to an amine produces a salt. This explains why vinegar and lemon juice (both acids) can be used to neutralize the fishy smell of seafood, which is caused by basic amines. 17 (A) Aniline is an aromatic amine that is useful for preparing dyes.