By Julian D. Richards
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Extra resources for Viking Age England
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The chronicler’s remarks suggest that these events were considered in retrospect to mark the next stage in the escalation of Viking activity in England. Hoards In troubled times it was prudent to keep your money buried. Finds of Viking Age hoards may sometimes be related to raiding activities, but care should be exercised in their interpretation. Hoards were normally buried with the intention of recovering them later; they only stayed buried, to be retrieved much later, under special circumstances, such as the death of their owner.
The armada of 350 ships recorded for 851 looks suspiciously like a multiplication of the previous largest number (35) by ten. It has also been pointed out that to translate the Anglo-Saxon word here used in the Chronicle to refer to Viking raiding forces as ‘army’ or ‘host’ may be misleading. In seventh-century laws any group larger than 35 is defined as a here. Given that Viking ships are likely to have had crews of some 30 men, or 50-60 at the most, then most Viking raiding parties may have been counted in hundreds, and even the larger forces may still have been under 1000.
How far did the newcomers simply modify local developments already in progress? Was there anything distinctive about Scandinavian settlements? Were the major trading towns, such as Jorvik, already established before Scandinavian traders arrived? What was the Scandinavian influence on the formation of the English state? Secondly, we shall take up the question of Scandinavian and native interaction. What was the native response to Scandinavians in the areas settled? What was it about the Scandinavian character that meant that in some areas, such as the Danelaw, they disappeared, fusing with the local traditions; whilst in others, such as the Isle of Man, they preserved a distinctive culture.