By B G Sidharth
Particle Physics and excessive strength Physics have stagnated because the early Nineteen Seventies. Now, the underlying precept of reductionism -- so sacred to twentieth-century physics -- is itself being wondered. This ebook examines those tumultuous advancements which are resulting in a paradigm shift and a brand new horizon for Physics.
offering the hot paradigm in fuzzy spacetime, this booklet is predicated on a few a hundred papers released in peer-reviewed journals together with Foundations of Physics, Nuovo Cimento and The foreign magazine of contemporary Physics (A&E), in addition to lately released books, The Chaotic Universe (Nova technology, big apple) and The Universe of Fluctuations (Springer). The paintings had expected adequately upfront epoch-turning observations, for instance, that the Universe is accelerating with a small cosmological consistent pushed by way of darkish power whilst the customary line of pondering was once the complete opposite. equally, the prediction of a minimal thermodynamic residual power within the Universe has additionally been discovered extra lately. extra to a unified description of gravitation and electromagnetism through fluctuations, numerous different beneficial properties are provided in entire contract with experiments, in sharp distinction to the current rules that are neither verifiable nor disprovable.
Contents: the boundaries of Physics; legislations with out legislation; The Universe of Fluctuations; The Thermodynamic Universe; Spacetime types and exams; The beginning of Mass, Spin and interplay; The Enigma of Gravitation; An Adventurer s Miscellany.
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19) the frequency. 18) then goes over to the usual d’Alembertian or massless Klein-Gordon equation. Further, if the above string is quantized canonically, we get ∆x2 ∼ l2 . 22) Thus the string can be considered as an infinite collection of harmonic oscillators [55]. 22), a circumstance that was called one of the miracles of the string theory by Veneziano [52]. It must be mentioned that the above considerations describe a “Bosonic String”, in the sense that there is no room for the Quantum Mechanical spin.
It may be mentioned that under a SUSY transformation, the laws of physics are the same for all observers, which is the case in General Relativity (Gravitation) also. Under SUSY there can be a maximum of eleven dimensions, the extra dimensions being curled up as in Kaluza-Klein theories. In this case there can only be an integral number of waves around the circle, giving rise to particles with quantized energy. However for observers in the other four dimensions, it would be quantized charges, not energies.
In all this confusion, we should not forget two important points. The first is that String Theory still remains a mathematically beautiful self consistent system of thought. Perhaps the flak that String Theory is receiving is more due to reasons in the domain of the sociology of science. To elaborate, String Theory has been touted as a theory, which, in the strict sense it is not. If it had been promoted as a hypothesis, one of a few possible, perhaps, there would have been much less criticism.