By Steven L. Stephenson
The ever-present fungi are little identified and enormously underappreciated. but, with no them we wouldn't have bread, alcohol, cheese, tofu, or the original flavors of mushrooms, morels, and brownies. We can't live on with no fungi.
The state Fungi offers a accomplished examine the biology, constitution, and morphological variety of those worthy organisms. It sheds mild on their ecologically vital roles in nature, their interesting relationships with humans, crops, and animals, and their useful purposes within the manufacture of nutrition, drinks, and prescribed drugs. The booklet comprises information regarding "true" fungi, fungus-like creatures (slime molds and water molds), and a gaggle of "composite" organisms (lichens) which are greater than simply fungi. specific realization is given to examples of fungi that will be present in the house and encountered in nature.
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Extra resources for The Kingdom Fungi: The Biology of Mushrooms, Molds, and Lichens
Example text
100. Il est vrai que Ward Goodenough est plus nuancé : « la description ethnographique exige des méthodes pour traiter les phénomènes observés de telle façon que nous puissions construire une théorie de la manière dont nos informateurs ont organisé le même phénomène. C’est la théorie, et pas seulement le phénomène, que la description ethnographique vise à présenter » (« Cultural anthropology and linguistics », 1957, cité par W. Sturtevant, op. cit. , p. 100). 50 que chaque lexème possède au moins un trait définitionnel en commun avec tous les autres - trait qui caractérise le domaine de référents dont le lexème dépend et qui autorise, en contexte na turel, sa permutation avec les autres lexèmes au sein du champ - et un trait distinctif qui oppose le lexème à l’ensemble de ceux qui lui sont apparentés.
Ainsi, la production de subsistances est-elle une réponse aux besoins du métabolisme ; la parenté, aux besoins de la reproduction ; l’abri, aux besoins de bien-être corporel, etc. Réponses bien peu éclairantes car, même au ni veau élevé de généralité où se place ici Malinowski, chacune d’entre elles peut correspondre à plusieurs besoins et chaque besoin peut appeler plusieurs réponses : hygiène et protection sont des réponses culturelles tout aussi adéquates que l’abri au besoin de bien-être corporel, tandis que les fonctions de protec tion et d’abri servent à assurer la santé tout autant que le bienêtre corporel et la sécurité.
Là encore, la caractérisation des besoins apparaît, au rebours de la logique, comme une justification fonctionnelle a posteriori de la réponse qu’ils appellent, la nature de la cause étant présupposée par la définition de l’effet. L’incapacité dont fait preuve Malinowski de remonter du fait social à sa base organique est constitutive de tout finalisme fonc tionnel, car plus le besoin hypothétique placé à l’origine d’une institution possède un caractère général, moins il a de valeur explicative.