By Adel A. F. Mahmoud
This quantity brings jointly up to date basic wisdom of the schistosomes, their biology and epidemiology, the mechanism of affliction and a whole description of the pathological sequelae in people. It concludes with chapters on prognosis and therapy clients of vaccine improvement and the main major controversies concerning immunology and epidemiology.
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Example text
Unless it penetrates a suitable snail, its movement eventually ceases and it drops to the bottom, swells and disintegrates. Most miracidia tend to be positively phototactic and negatively geotactic, but these taxes are sometimes reversed within and between different h o s t parasite combinations to increase the likelihood of miracidia contacting an appropriate aquatic snail living on floating or submerged plants or other substrates within a habitat. Newly hatched miracidia scan the habitat by swimming in straight lines but, later, turning motions increase around watersubstrate interfaces, trapping and causing them to accumulate close to aquatic snails.
Bovis, S. curassoni, S. intercalatum and S. haematobium (141,142,152, 227, 228). A rat strain of S. mansoni is reported to shed cercariae at night when peak cercarial densities will coincide with the highest rodent contact (214). A similar nocturnal pattern is shown by the rodent schistosome, S. rodhaini, some isolates of S. japonicum from the Philippines (107) and Taiwan (92), and S. malayensis (224). However, other Chinese and Philippine isolates of S. japonicum cercariae exhibited normal day-time peaks in laboratory studies (138).
Ecdysteroids may play this role (186) but altered ratios of simple inorganic ions such as Na, Ca and K may have a similar effect (34). The Schistosomes and Their Intermediate Hosts 29 Once contact is made, there may be a prolonged exploration period before the miracidium begins active penetration of any exposed region of the soft parts of the snail: head, foot, mantle or within the mantle cavity. The process is initiated by boring movements of the apical papilla, the folds on which may aid attachment.