By William Doyle
The years among the Fronde and the French Revolution have been the longest interval of calm in French background. for a lot of it, France ruled the overseas scene in Europe and made efforts to accomplish a related function within the wider global. in the meantime, French cultural achievements set criteria imitated in every single place. This quantity, bringing jointly a global crew of individuals, surveys the total number of the interval by itself phrases instead of as a trifling prelude to later progressive upheavals.
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Additional info for Old Regime France: 1648-1788 (The Short Oxford History of France)
Sample text
And the state still needed to pay interest on sums borrowed during the war, and to diminish its considerable debt. For example, at Louis XIV’s death in , ordinary revenues stood at million livres a year, while interest on rentes cost million, the annual deficit stood at million, and overdue payments on the debt, including as yet unpaid wartime the economy | 37 expenses, totalled not less than million. In , following the end of the Seven Years War, the situation was apparently marginally less catastrophic.
Such institutional constraints did not obliterate individuality, but they did markedly shape the possibilities for individual expression by perpetuating norms for proper conduct, by shaping the distribution of resources, and by imposing sanctions on deviant behaviour. The most basic hierarchical division of society was that of the three orders or three estates. The clergy, mediators between God and man, constituted the first estate; the nobility, reputedly descendants 44 | gail bossenga of valiant medieval warriors, comprised the second estate; and commoners, who performed the labour to sustain the superior estates, formed the third estate.
Colbert’s family networks, and his control over tax collection, allowed him to gather the funds to establish the necessary shipyards. Despite such successes, Colbert has been widely criticized–– indeed, some detractors have credited him with nothing less than the destruction of the monarchy. Like the liberal economists of the eighteenth century, they argue that economic growth depended on the modernization of agriculture, a subject that the minister ignored in order to concentrate on commerce. They add that while commerce itself was badly in need of liberalization, Colbert suffocated it with state interference.