By John (editor) Ross
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Example text
Kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy), the sum of all different forms of energy in any particular system is fixed. Energy can be transfcmned from one type to another, but total energy can be neither created nor destroyed. Thermodynamics extends the principle of conservation of energy to include heat. The first law of thermodynamics arose from a series of experiments first carried out in the 19th century. These experiments demonstrated that work can be converted into heat and that the expenditure of a fixed amount of work always produces the same amount of heat.
B) If the diving bell is closed, calculate the pressure on the bell when it is at a depth of 30m. 7. Evaluate the thickness of a layer of atmosphere between 800 and 900 mb with average temperature 300 K and specific humidity 20 g kg -1. Compare the thickness determined with the virtual temperature versus that determined without the virtual temperature correction. 8. Derive a formula for the dependence of density upon height in a hydrostatic atmosphere of constant lapse rate of temperature, F (T = To- Fz).
The latitudinal variation of temperature with depth is large in the upper ocean, where surface effects are important. 8. In sub-polar regions, large variations in temperature occur in the upper 100 m or so (the ocean mixed layer), due to fluctuations in forcing from the atmosphere. Between about 300 m and 1 km, the temperature decreases rapidly with depth. This region of steep temperature gradient is the permanent thermocline, beneath which there is virtually no seasonal variation, and the temperature decreases gradually to between 0 and 3~ A seasonal thermocline often develops above the permanent thermocline.