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By Ralph H. Johnson, Anthony Blair

Deals step by step directions for deciding on and reading arguments. It outlines a thought of excellent argument to take advantage of for reasons of comparing and developing arguments. It comprises directions for developing arguments and for getting ready and writing essays or briefs. distinct equipment for studying and assessing longer arguments are supplied. It provides instructions to aid clear out the extra trustworthy info from newspapers and tv information.

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Sample text

We can see from this again that even flat contradictions of and in great number- cannot always by themselves prove to a I t irony is present. His estimate of what kinds of ignorance or error or l~sjudgment are humanly probable is always called into play, a very ~fferent thing from judging what is true. It is clear that in the passage by Lancaster with which we began this chapter, we do not depend very much on plain, "demonstrable" historical inaccuracy-whatever that might be-in deciding that the "great towns of the Midlands" with their "large hou sing estates" and "cheerful" inhabitants are to him miserable, inhu man, and unnatural blights.

Hemingway began The Sun Also Rises with two epigraphs, quoting Gertrude Stein, "You are all a lost generation," and the quoting Ecclesiastes to explain the title of the novel. The author ~ read~ 54 Is It Ironic? ppea red again directly; having warned the reader that he perhaps saw :hese characters as in some sense lost he then left them to speak entireJy for themselves. Or rather one should say that he ' pretended to. lo c) Other direct clues. " There are two important points to remember about such direct warnings-whether in titles, epigraphs, or supplementary statements: it is foolish to ignore them when they are offered, but it is dangerous to take them at face value.

When there are two contradictory statements like this, there is no way of knowing in advance Whether the firs t Or second voice will be repudiated; but usually one or the other must be, and the probability is that the final voice will triumph, as it does here, unless we are given explicit evidence against it. The process of decision may be easy, as in most of Pope's undertnlnlOgs, or hard, but it will always be complex when viewed closely, as 16. Alexander Pope, The Rape oj th e Lock , lines 15-16.

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