By S. Weiner, P. Zaslansky (auth.), R. L. Reis, S. Weiner (eds.)
The improvement of fabrics for any alternative or regeneration software could be in accordance with the thorough realizing of the constitution to be substituted. this can be precise in lots of fields, yet fairly exigent in substitution and regeneration medication. The calls for upon the fabric houses principally rely on the location of software and the functionality it has to revive. preferably, a alternative fabric should still mimic the residing tissue from a mechanical, chemical, organic and practical standpoint. in fact this is often a lot more straightforward to write than to enforce in medical perform. Mineralized tissues reminiscent of bones, the teeth and shells have attracted, within the previous couple of years, substantial curiosity as typical anisotropic composite constructions with enough mechanical houses. in reality, Nature is and should stay the simplest fabrics scientist ever. Who larger than nature can layout advanced constructions and keep an eye on the complex phenomena (processing routes) that bring about the ultimate form and constitution (from the macro to the nano point) of residing creatures? Who can mix organic and physico-chemical mechanisms in the sort of approach which may construct perfect structure-properties relationships? Who, else than Nature, can particularly layout clever structural parts that reply in-situ to external stimulus, having the ability of adapting consistently their microstructure and correspondent houses? within the defined philosophy line, mineralized tissues and biomineralization strategies are perfect examples to learn-from for the fabrics scientist of the future.
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Extra info for Learning from Nature How to Design New Implantable Biomaterialsis: From Biomineralization Fundamentals to Biomimetic Materials and Processing Routes: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Alvor, Algarve, Portugal, 13–24 October 2003
Example text
Demineralised bone matrix (DBM), produced from donor bone and containing osteoinductive growth factors, may help bone repair, but its osteogenic capacity is not always guaranteed and it has the risks of disease transmission as well. The shortcomings of autograft, allograft and DBM justified the development of artificial bone grafts biomaterials. In the last century, different biomaterials, including metals, polymers, calcium phosphate biomaterials, bioglasses and combinations of thereof, were selected, studied, tested and applied clinically for bone repair alone or with the combination of osteogenic cells or growth factors [311].
Fig. 7 shows the orientation and the thickness of mineral particles in dentin as a function of position. The figure shows that the T-parameter (which is a measure of the thickness of mineral particles) increases systematically from the enamel towards the root. The same section was also investigated by nano-indentation in an atomic force microscope, providing the elastic modulus of the tissue as a function of position. Care was taken to avoid the tubuli (small hollow conducts) in dentin and their immediate surroundings which are known to be slightly overmineralized [24,48].
Bone and Bone Repair Calcium phosphate biomaterials are always discussed in relation with bone repair as calcium phosphate is the main inorganic component of bone. Although the shape of bone varies in different parts of the body, the physicochemical structure of bone for these different shapes is basically similar. Biochemically, bone is defined by its special blend of organic matrix (35%) and inorganic elements (65%) [1,2]. The inorganic matter of bone consists mainly of calcium phosphate, significant amounts of citrate and carbonate ions and traces of fluoride, magnesium and sodium.