By Stephen Edmund Lahey
John Wyclif (d.1384) has too usually been defined as ''Morning superstar of the Reformation'' and only in the near past began to be studied as a fourteenth-century English thinker and theologian. This paintings attracts on contemporary scholarship situating Wyclif in his fourteenth-century milieu to give a survey of his notion and writings as a coherent theological place bobbing up from Oxford's ''Golden Age'' of theology. Lahey argues that lots of Wyclif's top recognized opinions of the fourteenth-century Church come up from his philosophical dedication to an Augustinian realism evocative of the concept of Robert Grosseteste and Anselm of Canterbury. This realism is understandable by way of Wyclif's sustained specialize in semantics and the houses of phrases and propositions, a ''linguistic turn'' characterizing post-Ockham philosophical theology. coming up from this propositional realism is a sturdy emphasis at the position of Scripture in either formal and utilized theology, which used to be the start line for lots of of Wyclif's quarrels with the ecclesiastical establishment in past due fourteenth-century England. This survey takes into consideration either Wyclif's previous, philosophical works and his later works, together with sermons and Scripture remark. Wyclif's trust that Scripture is the everlasting and excellent divine note, the paradigm of human discourse and the definitive embodiment of fact in production is crucial to an realizing of the binds he believes relate theoretical and functional philosophy to theology. This connection hyperlinks Wyclif's curiosity within the propositional constitution of truth to his realism, his hermeneutic application, and to his schedule for reform of the Church. Lahey's survey additionally highlights Wyclif's rejection of Bradwardine's determinism in desire of a version of human freedom in gentle of God's ideal foreknowledge, and in addition explores the relation of Wyclif's spatiotemporal atomism to his rejection of transubstantiation. this is often the 1st book-length, entire survey of Wyclif's idea, and should be of curiosity to scholars of later medieval theology, philosophy, background, and literature.
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1343), a fellow Franciscan, while Henry Harclay, Oxford’s chancellor during the latter part of Ockham’s stay there, whose ontology was quite similar to Ockham’s, was a secular. Despite the great impact that Scotus had in Paris, Scotism at Oxford was a paltry thing, and Thomism was not the authoritative approach among Oxford Dominicans that it might have been. The emphasis on science and logic that characterized Oxford thought led away from broad, all-encompassing metaphysical approaches and tended to foster a more individualistic, analytic brand of theology than the phrase “school of thought” might allow.
In Categories, Aristotle lists ten things that can be said of an object: substance, quality, quantity, relation, place, time, position, state, action, and passion. Ockham argued that philosophers were too quick to allow abstract reasoning about these categories to lead to supposing that there were such things as relations or points in time or space existing apart from related things. His position was to restrict the number of kinds of things to two: substances and qualities. Everything else, including relations, places, times, motions, instants, are not real beings, but the products of our thinking and speaking about the world.
In the 1970s, when paleontologists at Cambridge recognized Walcott’s error, they began to explore the fascinating possibilities of almost twenty unknown phyla. Today, there are some thirty-two distinct phyla in the animal kingdom; the Burgess shale shows us almost twenty directions that evolution could have taken, but didn’t, thus giving paleontologists and evolutionary biologists a tremendous opportunity to explore possibilities that would otherwise never have been imagined. Our understanding of the period in which Wyclif developed as a theologian has changed in the same way that our understanding of the Burgess shale has changed.