By David A. Mooney
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Extra info for Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Example text
5) where the denominator, the chosen reference level, is the product of the kinetic energy possessed by a unit volume of the fluid and the projected area of the sphere. Although quite arbitrary, this has become the standard definition of the drag coefficient. 5) the expression for the creeping flow regime drag force, fd = 37rdp#f uf, we obtain: CD = 24#f 24 = ~. 44. 7) (At very high particle Reynolds numbers ( > 105), CD is found to fall sharply as a result of a sudden shift in the boundary layer separation zone.
3. We start our examination of the fluidized state with brief accounts of established treatments of these upper and lower bounds. Both of these areas have been the subject of copious study, from which we select only those elements that are of direct relevance to the analysis that follows. Sing le particle suspension A key parameter in the analysis of the fluidized state turns out to be the unhindered terminal settling velocity (ut) of a single particle in the stagnant fluidizing medium. For the case of a liquid, ut may be easily measured by releasing the particle at the surface of a transparent vessel containing the liquid, and timing its passage between two reference levels situated sufficiently below the surface to ensure that the terminal, constant velocity condition has been reached; the vessel diameter must also be sufficiently large with respect to the particle for the unhindered condition to apply.
The results are usually presented as the relation of U with void fraction e, which, unlike LB, is independent of the quantity of particles present. The constant particle volume relation, 32 Homogeneous fluidization V8 = Ls(1 - e), enables e to be calculated from LB from the initial values of these variables in the packed bed. Before applying the Ap relations (derived in the previous chapter) to the analysis of fluidized bed expansion, a brief account of the salient experimental findings will be given.