By Jonathan Van-Tam, Chloe Sellwood
Pandemic influenza is an instance of an rising pathogen that may have, and has had, severe public healthiness effects. Following 3 international pandemics within the final a hundred years and the new avian and swine influenza outbreaks, preparedness on nationwide and foreign scales is of significant importance.With a powerful emphasis on useful preparedness concerns, and masking components now not handled through conventional texts, this booklet covers influenza epidemiology, vaccinology, virology and immunology, pharmaceutical and public health and wellbeing countermeasures, coverage concerns, biomathematical modelling, ethics and conversation among future health pros and the general public, selling the higher realizing of influenza that would be had to conflict destiny pandemics.Each bankruptcy increases 5 key questions at the start and proceeds to reply to them in transparent and concise sections, additionally delivering chosen papers for additional analyzing and detailing proper modelling stories. it really is a necessary textual content scholars in virology, epidemiology, infectious illnesses, public wellbeing and fitness and scientific sciences, and for all these focused on pandemic preparedness.
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Extra info for Introduction to Pandemic Influenza
Example text
Such immunity could be mediated by unrecognized similar antigenic stretches in the HA molecules of the two subtypes, or, more likely, by immunity mediated by the more antigenically stable M1 and NP proteins, which are the main targets for the cytotoxic cellular immune response. Measuring the antibody response It was observed in the 1940s that influenza viruses had the capacity to bind to red blood cells (erythrocytes) and make them clump together. This phenomenon is used in a laboratory test called the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test.
14 ©CAB International 2010. S. Nguyen-Van-Tam and C. Sellwood) The influenza virus is a medium-sized enveloped virus with a segmented negativesense RNA as its nucleic acid. This means that the viral RNA (vRNA) cannot function as a messenger RNA (mRNA) to translate the genetic information to viral proteins. 1 and Fig. 1). By electron microscopy one can visualize spikes on the viral surface; these are the surface proteins haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Sometimes one can discern the internal components as bundles of segmented striped filaments.
What specific properties of the virus made the 1918 virus so lethal to people? We still do not know. The scientific consensus is, however, that influenza virus pathogenicity is a multigenetic phenomenon involving many of the ten virus-coded proteins. Of particular relevance are the properties of the HA molecule. e. the subtypes A/H5 and A/H7 (‘fowl plague’), all have a polybasic cleavage point in the HA, the so-called ‘promiscuous site’. In man, on the other hand, influenza pathogenicity may not directly be dependent upon this special feature.