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Its removal in Europe is thought to have been responsible for the decrease in the phosphorous level in the river Danube, which flows from central Europe into the Black Sea, from 120μg/l to 200μg/l, just above the target value of 100μm/l, which is thought to have existed before industrialisation (SCHER, 2006). 5–10% of the 80–90% total risk of eutrophication. STPP has been replaced by zeolites, but is this safe? Zeolites are insoluble. The SCHER report concludes that the move from phosphates to zeolites in detergents is unlikely to have an adverse effect on human health, but that the effect of polycarboxylate and phosphonate cobuilders on the environment needs further work before they can be cleared.
G. extraction of primary raw materials), through its production, to its final use and disposal. It can be used to assess the effect of the product on the environment, to compare the impact of one product to that of another, and, most importantly, to look at the product and see how its environment impact can be reduced (EU LCA, 2008). In order to compare the results of the LCA of one product with another, it is important that the methodologies are the same. It is for this reason that an International LCA Standard, ISO 140040/44, has been published.
Foam control Foaming in the detergent solutions can be controlled by selecting non-foaming surfactants. If this is not possible, antifoams can be added. These are normally liquid, but can be formulated in solid form for use in solid detergents. Controlling foam is particularly important in front-loading washing machines used in Europe. Foam regulators have very low water solubility and spread at the water/air interface, disrupting the surfactants stabilising the gas bubbles. Many substances act as antifoams, but the type most popular in detergents in Europe are silica-silicone mixtures or paraffin oil systems.