By Clive Emsley
How did principles approximately crime and criminals switch in Europe from round 1750 to 1940? How did ecu states reply to those adjustments with the advance of police and penal associations? Clive Emsley makes an attempt to deal with those questions utilizing contemporary examine at the background of crime and felony justice in Europe. Exploring the topic chronologically, he addresses the sorts of offending, the altering interpretations and understandings of that offending at either elite and well known degrees, and the way the rising state states of the interval spoke back to illegal activity by way of the advance of police forces and the refinement of varieties of punishment.The publication makes a speciality of the comparative nature during which varied states studied one another and their associations, and the ways that diverse reformers exchanged principles and investigated policing and penal experiments in different nations. It additionally explores the theoretical matters underpinning fresh examine, emphasising that the adjustments in principles on crime and criminals have been neither linear nor round, and demonstrating essentially that many rules hailed as new by means of modern politicians and in present debate on crime and its 'solutions', have a really lengthy and illustrious historical past.
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Additional resources for Crime, Police, and Penal Policy: European Experiences 1750-1940
Example text
Une justice de proximit´e, la justice de paix (1790–1958), Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2003. ¹⁴ While the French monarchs allowed inflation to whittle away at the nobles’ preparedness to run their own courts, both Frederick the Great and Joseph II made more decisive moves in Prussia and Austria respectively. They each sought to ensure that no one should act as a judge in a seigneurial court unless he had successfully completed some legal training. In Austria, Joseph also required that the judges be paid in money rather than getting their remuneration from fines, taxes, and payment in kind such as ‘cheese, sausages, and pickled tongues’.
28–9. ³⁴ Evans, Rituals of Retribution, 115. Laws and Punishments 31 refused to confess even under torture. As a result, the use of torture appears to have declined markedly in many parts of France during the eighteenth century. In 1780 la question pr´eparatoire, by which the accused was tortured to provide a confession, was abolished. ³⁵ Torture was part of the judicial process rather than part of the punishment, and punishments themselves changed in the last century of the old regime, but not always for the same reasons.
In Brest, between 1750 and 1753, a massive stone structure known as the bagne was built for the convicts and their work. By the mid-1770s the Protestants had been released, the numbers of army deserters and smugglers had declined, and the overwhelming majority of the ⁴⁴ A. Roger Erkich, Bound for America: The Transportation of British Convicts to the Colonies, 1718–1775, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987; Gwenda Morgan and Peter Rushton, EighteenthCentury Criminal Transportation: The Formation of the Criminal Atlantic, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2004.