By Ivan Illich
As a powerful critic of a few of society's so much adored associations, similar to obligatory schooling and organised faith, Ivan Illich has attracted global recognition. His dedication to an intensive humanism opposed to traditional associations and esatablished rules of social advantage make for compelling, and convincing, studying. This ebook brings jointly for the 1st time a lot of his lectures and articles bearing out Illich's invigorating challanges to the established order.
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Sample text
1, export growth plummeted from a very healthy 30 per cent in 1995 to 3 per cent in 1996. Domestically, by the mid-1990s South Korea seemed to be suffering from the ‘three highs’: high wages, high interest rates and high land prices. Korean companies’ attempts to adjust to the rising costs were hampered both by restrictive labour legislation, still largely unchanged from the earlier authoritarian periods, and the trade unions’ desires for greater social welfare. Although the number of strikes dropped in the mid-1990s, annual wage increases were still in double digits (in the 1992–96 period rising at double the average inflation rate).
When the Suharto government introduced in mid-January 1998 a budget which was interpreted as defying IMF strictures for greater austerity, confidence plummeted and Indonesia was forced to conclude a revised agreement with the IMF which required sweeping economic and financial reforms. Political dynamics then took over, as widespread popular dissatisfaction with both Suharto’s prearranged re-election in March 1998 and with fuel and food price rises (ironically introduced in conformity with IMF demands to end subsidization) found expression in street demonstrations and ethnic riots, until in May 1998 Suharto was forced to step down.
International confidence continued to ebb away. An estimated $1 billion a day was leaving South Korea and the country seemed on the verge of default. Two major international credit agencies, Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s, drastically downgraded their credit ratings for Korea. 43 Two days later he met the three presidential candidates to discuss the IMF commitments and persuaded them to issue a statement that all three candidates, including the previously wavering Kim Dae-jung, would abide by the agreement to ‘enhance the international credibility’ of South Korea and to ‘stabilize the financial market at the earliest opportunity’.