By David Art
This publication argues that Germans and Austrians have handled the Nazi previous very differently--with vital results for political tradition and partisan politics. David artwork analyzes how public debates in regards to the ''lessons of history'' created a tradition of contrition in Germany that avoided a resurgent a ways correct from consolidating itself in German politics after unification. against this, public debates in Austria nourished a tradition of victimization that supplied a hospitable setting for the increase of right-wing populism. the amount is for these attracted to the reminiscence of Nazism and the Holocaust, the increase of eu some distance correct events and modern German and Austrian politics.
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27 Scholars working in this paradigm argue that beliefs and attitudes are formed in early adulthood, and that 25 26 27 A recent exception is Jeffrey W. Legro, “The Transformation of Policy Ideas,” American Journal of Political Science 44, no. 3 (July 2000): 419–432. Sheri Berman, “Ideas, Norms, and Culture in Political Analysis,” Comparative Politics 33, no. 2 (January 2001): 233. Although they are often conflated, there are three distinct models of generational change: the “maturation” model, whereby beliefs change in predictable ways as people age; the “pendulum” model, whereby the members of one generation react to the beliefs of the previous one; and the “experiential” model, whereby the beliefs of members of generations are shaped by critical events.
These debates led to concrete political outcomes in the 1990s when many states, and groups within states, paid reparations, issued apologies, and otherwise sought to atone for their nation’s crimes during the Second World War. How can we account for this shift from amnesia to critical examination of national crimes? One way of approaching this question is through the study of “historical” or “collective” memory. “Memory” has become a fashionable concept in recent years, and the “memory boom” that began in the humanities in the 1980s has since spread to the social sciences.
Before going into further detail, it is important to differentiate my explanation of ideational change from the two paradigms I outlined earlier. First, like the elite manipulation paradigm, I focus on the role of political elites in shaping mass attitudes. Yet, rather than assuming that these attempts are successful, my concept of public debate leaves room for the unintended and unpredictable consequences of elite attempts to impose their ideas on society. Political elites may try to provoke and shape a debate, but often find that they are unable to control the process once it begins.