By I. A. Richards
Our communique is restricted via false impression. Rhetoric, as Professor Richards defines it, is the learn of bewilderment and its treatments. the traditional principles of the outdated rhetoric and the formulations of clinical language have slender program to conversational speech; Professor Richard's definition of rhetoric relies on a realistic query: how do phrases paintings in discourse? to reply to this query, he examines the interplay of phrases with one another and with their contexts, displaying how a continuous synthesis of which means, or "principle of metaphor," supplies lifestyles to dialogue. it truly is via comprehension of ways which means adjustments in discourse that we will be able to greater keep an eye on and animate our use of phrases, and so lessen misunderstanding.
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Sample text
In special cases for certain readers they may come inthen is a long chapter of individual psychology which is relevant here. But the words can do almost anything without them, and we must put no assumption about their necessary presence into our general theory. I can illustrate both the convenience of such technical terms as tenor and vehicle and the evil influence of the imagery assumption, with another citation from Lord Kames, from Chapter 20, paragraph 6, of his Elements of Criticism. You will see from the very difficulty of making out just what he is saying, how much we need rigid technicalities here.
T h e interesting objection, against such words as colorful, concerns vulgarity. It is an objection that many new words are open to because they are often taken up most readily by people the objectors like to describe so. Moreover, that a word should be popular is often the chief con- 8s 83 THE PHILOSOPHY OF RHETORIC SOME CRITERIA OF WORDS dition for its admission into the language and to some people Popular means what vulgar means. But a word like colorful can evidently be used in many different ways with different meanings, and to compare these is the way to judge it.
We would not judge a quadruped without deciding whether it is a horse or a dog. So, we ought not to judge a word without considering what sorts of uses it is peculiarly suited to and without remembering that a good ferret makes a bad rabbit. What then are the peculiar utilities of the word colorful? First, I would draw attention to the ironical implications it is capable of conveying. Like the phrases, hard-working, painstaking, does his best, industrious and well-intentione&- and others which turn up in schoolmasters' reports, it can suggest that if this is the best that can be said about something, well, we know where we are !