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By Leslie Stevenson

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Extra info for Ten Theories of Human Nature, Third edition

Sample text

Human nature," Kao-tzu maintains, "is like whirling water. Give it an outlet in the east and it will flow east; give it an outlet in the west and it will flow west. " Mencius, however, is insistent that human nature is innately good. He counters Kao-tzu by explaining: "It certainly is the case that water does not show any preference for either east or west, but does it show the same indifference to high and low? Human nature is good just as water seeks low ground. There is no man who is not good; there is no water that does not flow downwards" (VI.

But if such men are unjust, then the entire system is undermined. Confucius himself was aware of this problem and therefore insistent on the moral character of leaders. Nonetheless, his system gives a great deal of power Confucianism: The Way of the Sages 43 to a few individuals and leaves the majority in a subordinate position. Confucianism is also a fairly conservative tradition that looks to the past for guidance. This may be seen as an attitude that restricts the creativity of individuals in the present.

Such is the dismal state of human beings. What are the reasons for these distressing circumstances? At least five causes can be discerned in the Analects: (1) people are attached to profit; (2) society lacks the respect of filial piety; (3) the connection between word and action cannot be trusted; (4) ignorance regarding the Way of the sages prevails; and (5) benevolence is absent from human affairs. Let us examine these causes one by one. Confucius said: "If one is guided by profit in one's actions, one will incur much ill will" (IV.

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