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By J. Flanagan

The 1st variation of this e-book has loved a pleasurable life. 1s­ sued in 1965, it discovered its meant position as a study reference and as a graduate-Ievel textual content. examine laboratories and universities said wide use. released reviews-some twenty-five in number-were universally variety. hence the booklet was once translated and released in Russian (Svyaz; Moscow, 1968) and Spanish (Gredos, S.A.; Madrid, 1972). Copies of the 1st version were exhausted for a number of years, yet call for for the fabric maintains. on the behest of the writer, and with the encouragement of various colleagues, a moment version was once began in 1970. the purpose was once to hold the unique layout, yet to extend the content material, particularly within the components of electronic communications and com­ puter suggestions for speech sign processing. As prior to, the meant viewers is the graduate-Ievel engineer and physicist, however the psycho­ physicist, phonetician, speech scientist and linguist should still locate fabric of curiosity.

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The equivalent conductance per unit length of tube owing to heat conduction is therefore (3·32) where S is the tube circumference. To reiterate, both the heat conduction loss Ga and the viscous loss Ra are applicable to a smooth, hard-walled tube. The vocal tract is neither, so that in practice these losses might be expected to be somewhat higher. In addition, the mechanical impedance of the tract wall includes a mass reactance and a conductance which contribute to the shunt element of the equivalent circuit.

For strongly articulated stops, the glottis is held open so that the subglottal system contributes to the already substantial volume behind the closure (Vs). The respiratory muscles apply a force sufficient to build up the pressure, but do not contract appreciably to force air out during the stop release. ;yRc'lV-_ _ _=,j air flow during the initial part of the stop Um release is mainly turbulent, with laminar t'ACt) streaming obtaining as the flow decays. 21. Approximate vocal rela. example Id, g/), voicing usually commences tions for stop consonant production following the release, but often (for example, in Ib/) can be initiated before the release.

Equivalent Circuit for the Lossy Cylindrical Pipe Consider the length d x of lossy cylindrical pipe of area A shown in Fig. 2a. Assume plane wave transmission so that the sound pressure 24 Acoustical Properties of the Vocal System and volume velocity are spatially dependent only upon x. Because of its mass, the air in the pipe exhibits an inertance which opposes acceleration. Because of its compressibility the volume of air exhibits a compliance. Assuming that the tube is smooth and hard-walled, energy losses can occur at the wall through viscous friction and heat conduction.

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