By Steinar Stjernø
How has cohesion been outlined, and the way has it replaced from the early nineteenth century till this day? This specified quantity systematically compares the various assorted conceptions of this valuable political notion held by way of Europeans during the last centuries. It covers social and political conception, Protestant and Catholic social ethics and an research of ways social democratic, Christian democratic, communist and fascist events in so much ecu nations have seen cohesion.
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Additional resources for Solidarity in Europe: The History of an Idea
Example text
But here, too, we find a growing interest in recent years in empirical investigation of the idea of solidarity. The Danish sociologist Søren Juul’s Modernity, Welfare and Solidarity, was published during the final phase of my work. It discusses concepts of solidarity in sociology and social theory and gives an extensive empirical analysis of survey data from Denmark about individual attitudes of solidarity with family, friends, neighbours and foreigners (Juul 1997). On the basis of a Dutch survey, Wim van Oorschot has analysed attitudes of solidarity in terms of welfare arrangements, and John Gelissen has done the same on the basis of survey data from eleven countries in Western Europe (see Oorshot 2001; Arts 2001).
We will see how the term solidarity eclipsed other terms and how the concept has changed within Western European political discourse. Finally, we will see what the concept of solidarity means today. My ambition is to analyse and contrast the different ideas of solidarity and to determine how and why those ideas developed. In so doing, I will identify the significant actors in this process and differentiate between their varying contexts. Guidance for the reader Today solidarity is a key concept in three different types of discourse: the academic discourse of social scientists and social philosophers, the political discourse of social democratic and socialist ideology, and the Christian discourse of social ethics.
In a traditional society, the latter form of consciousness is dominant within each individual. Durkheim’s concept of mechanical solidarity integrates a material and a subjective element. Solidarity is strong in traditional society, because people are alike and because they think alike. 34 Three traditions of solidarity Contrary to traditional society, modern society is characterised by a high degree of occupational specialisation and social differentiation. According to Durkheim, citizens are not tied together by tradition and inherited social norms but by their interdependence created by the increased division of labour and specialisation.