By Mario Bunge
This booklet is ready a few topical philosophical and methodological prob lems that come up within the examine of habit and brain, in addition to within the therapy of behavioral and psychological issues. It bargains with such questions as 'What is habit a manifestation of?', 'What is brain, and the way is it relating to matter?', 'Which are the confident legacies, if any, of the most important mental schools?', 'How can habit and brain top be studied?', and 'Which are the simplest methods of editing behavioral and psychological processes?' those questions and their relatives can't be kept away from in the end simply because they gasoline the day-by-day look for higher hypotheses, experimental designs, ideas, and coverings. additionally they ensue within the severe exam of information and theories, in addition to equipment for the therapy of behavioral and psychological problems. All scholars of human or animal, basic or irregular habit and brain, even if their major hindrance is easy or utilized, theoretical or em pirical, admit kind of tacitly to loads of basic philosophi cal and methodological principles.
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A valid argument is a deduction of a set of propositions from another set of propositions in accordance with the rules of deductive logic. ) Finally, a prediction (or a retrodiction) will be correct if, in addition to being a valid argument from confirmed hypotheses and firm data, it is borne out by observation or experiment. , Bunge, 1983a, 1983b). But we hasten to point out that there is no consensus among psychologists on these matters. , laws), and still others that deny the need for explanation in psychology.
Only such potent theories can help improve our current descriptions, explanations, and predictions of behavioral and mental events. If in doubt, look at the increasingly important role of theorizing in such disciplines as nuclear physics, astronomy, chemistry, genetics, physiology, and sociology. Regrettably, current psychology is extremely poor in theories proper (hypothetico-deductive systems). It is even poorer in scientific theories (theories both experimentally testable and in harmony with our background knowledge).
The same holds for other proposed partitions. ) Hence a person who claims to be studying, say, a cognitive phenomenon such as inferring, must be understood as saying that he or she focuses on the cognitive aspect of that phenomenon, feigning that the remaining aspects do not exist. This is just a useful fiction-useful, that is, until proved otherwise. ) The ultimate reason for the impossibility of drawing clear demarcation lines between the various psychological phenomena, hence between the corresponding subfields of our science, is this: All psychological phenomena are processes occurring in, or controlled by, the nervous system.