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By Herbert Marcuse

Psychoanalysis, Politics, Philosophy, Humanities

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Extra resources for Five lectures: Psychoanalysis, Politics, and Utopia

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The ·. ; psychoanalytic categories do not have to be "related" to social :x :: and political conditions-they are themselves social and politi1 cal categories. Psychoanalysis could become an effective social \ and political instrument, positive as well as negative, in an administrative as well as critical function, because Freud had discovered the mechanisms of social and political control in the depth dimension of instinctual drives and satisfactions. It has often been said that Freud 's theory dcpended , for much of its validity, on thc cxistcm·c of Viennc�c middle class society in the decades prc(·cd ing the Fasdst era-rrom the turn 44 OBSOLESCENCE OF THE FREUDIAN CONCEPT OF MAN 45 of the century to the inter-war period.

The externalized ego ideal guides the spending of this energy: it does not drive the conscience as the moral judge of the ego, but rather directs aggression toward the external enemies of the ego ideal. The individuals are thus mentally and instinctu­ ally predisposed to accept and to make their own the political and social necessities which demand the permanent mobiliza­ tion with and against atomic destruction, the organized famili­ arity with man-made death and disfiguration . The member of this society apprehends and evaluates all this, not by himself, in terms of his ego and h is own ego ideal (his father and the father's images) but through all others and in terms of their common, externalized ego ideal : the Na­ tional or Supranational Purpose and its constituted spokesmen.

Libidinal ties thus continue to insure the individual 's submission to his society : he achieves (relative) autonomy within a world of heteronomy. What are the historical changes that have made this conception obsolete? According to Freud, the fatal conflict between the individual and society is first and foremost experi­ enced and fought out in the confrontation with the father: here, the universal struggle between Eros and Thanatos erupts and determines the development of the individual. And it is the father who enforces the subordination of the pleasure prin­ ciple to the reality principle ; rebellion and the attainment of maturity are stages in the contest with the father.

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