By Dr. José Juan Escobar-Chávez
This ebook presents an outline of present applied sciences used to extend the topical/transdermal supply of gear, its protocols, benefits and barriers. It contains particular chapters on chemical enhancers, Iontophoresis, Sonophoresis, Electroporation, Microneedles and the newer use of micro/nanoparticles to bring medicines during the epidermis.
The e-book’s generalized technique at the subject is aimed to be worthy in drug discovery, drug supply and toxicological examine and to supply a broader point of view at the subject to readers with admire to present literature on hand at the topic.
The e-book is an engaging resource of knowledge for pharmacy scholars, and pharmaceutical study and improvement devices of universities and advertisement industries.
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Extra resources for Current Technologies To Increase The Transdermal Delivery Of Drugs
Sample text
They affect the desmosomes that maintain cohesion among corneocytes. They modify the intercellular lipid domains to reduce the barrier-like resistance of the bilayer lipids. Disruption to the lipid bilayers can be homogeneous when the enhancer is distributed evenly within the complex bilayer lipids, but the accelerant is more likely to be heterogeneously concentrated within the domains of the bilayer lipids. They alter the solvent nature of the stratum corneum, thus aiding the partitioning of the drug or a cosolvent into the tissue.
Therefore, the concentration of the surfactant is of key importance to enhancement activity [83,84]. Chemical Enhancers Current Technologies to Increase the Transdermal Delivery of Drugs 31 Terpenes Terpenes have been used for a number of therapeutic purposes including antispasmodics, carminatives, antiseptics, flavouring agents and perfumery. Terpenes are found in essential oils, many of which are employed in aromatherapy. These compounds have been extensively used as percutaneous chemical enhancers to enhance the permeation of both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs [85].
However, it is not yet clear how the polar head group influences the activity of surfactants as enhancers. For instance, reports of surfactant-induced alterations in the permeability of biological membranes to alkyl ether ethoxylates (Brij®) and nonyl phenol ether ethoxylate surfactants indicate that the length of the ethoxy chain is important. In fact, a parabolic relation was observed and was relative to the degree of ethoxylation [78,79]. Polysorbates are another kind of surfactants that are widely employed in the preparation of pharmaceutical formulations, as they have been shown to enhance the permeation of some drugs [80,81].