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Harvard Universi- ty Press, Cambridge, MA. Two other African species (often considered subspecies of T. brucei) are T. gambiense and T. rhodesiense, both of which cause sleeping sickness in humans. Organic matter breakdown and ecosystem metabolism: Functional indicators for assessing river ecosystem health. For example, the collar cells of sponges are strikingly similar to the collar cells of choanoflagellates. Figure 4.14 Otto Bütschli’s hypothetical plakula and its transformation to a metazoan “gastrea” by invagination of a digestive chamber.
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There are about 3,000 species of urochordates, 23 species of cephalochordates, and 46,670 species of vertebrates. Taxonomic History and Classification The first record of a chaetognath (arrow worm) was made by the Dutch naturalist Martinus Slabber in 1775. For nearly 100 years, as more and more descriptive work was conducted, the systematic position of the group was hotly debated. The arrow worms were at times allied with molluscs, arthropods, and certain blasto- coelomates (particularly nematodes), generally within the catch-all taxon Vermes epub. Most are dioecious, with direct, indirect, or mixed development; some species are parthenogenetic BOX 15A Characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda close relationship between arthropods and annelids was recognized by Cuvier, who included both in his Articu- lata (referring to the segmented nature of these ani- mals), and by Lankester, who classified them together with rotifers in his Appendiculata , cited: Chemical Communication in Crustaceans
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