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Comparative biology, then, in its attempt to understand diversity in the living world, deals with three distinguishable elements: (1) descriptions of organ- isms, particularly in terms of similarities and differences in their characteristics; (2) the phylogenetic history of organisms through time; and (3) the distributional history of organisms in space. However, in insects with high wing-flapping rates (e.g., dipterans, hy- menopterans, and some coleopterans), an entirely dif- PHYLUM ARTHROPODA: THE HEXAPODA (INSECTS AND THEIR KIN) 21 Figure 17.13 The nomenclature of basic wing venation in insects.
Pages: 314
Publisher: Oregon State University Press (December 1, 2001)
ISBN: 0870715313
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read online The Complete Field Guide to Dragonflies of Australia. ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: Standard university policies, as described in the Student Handbook, apply. CLICK on underlined file names and included illustrations to enlarge: ��������� Invertebrate zoology is a biological discipline that involves the study of invertebrates.� Although vertebrates possess many characters in common with invertebrates they are distinguished by possessing a backbone.� Invertebrates lack a backbone.� Invertebrates comprise over 95 percent of all animal species and certainly more than that percentage in animal biomass.� They have been extensively used in biological researches of heredity, embryology and regeneration.� They also have had great practical importance related to insect damage, the causes of human and animal disease and directly as food, pearls, buttons, etc. ��������� As we proceed to examine the various characteristics of the different animals it becomes obvious that a common bond unites all animals in that we must all respire, consume food, excrete wastes and reproduce. ��������� Zoology may also be divided further into other principal categories such as: Arthropodology = The study of arthropods, including Arachnology (spiders & mites), Entomology (insects) and Carcinology (crustaceans).� Malacology = The study of mollusks.� Invertebrate Paleontology = The study of extinct invertebrates.� For a classification of Invertebrates as treated herein please see Table 1 .� However, the principal groups may also be noted as follows: ��������� The arrangement of the various subgroups is based on ever increasing complexity and presumed evolution of the most primitive [(e.g., Protista (Protozoa)] to the more advanced organisms.� Previous names of groups are included in parentheses.� There continues to be wide disagreement on classification, and although further rearrangements are expected as more biological and biochemical data are forthcoming, the presented design should enable identification of major orders, families and genera , e.g. INVERTEBRATE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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