By Stephen P. Savage
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More specifically, the pre- and post-war foundations are seen to be so distinct that no reconciliation is possible. They are on the one hand the 'philosophico-metaphysical' project of the early works (with an emphasis on the free, self-determining actor), and on the other what Scott refers to as the 'cautious naturalism' of the post-1950 works (a project which attempts to internalise such spheres as behaviourist psychology, rather than dismiss them as sim ply 'positivisitic'). e. of presuppositions.
As such, by a logical progression, it penetrates and shapes sociology at both the metatheoretical and substantive levels of analysis. 33 The doctrine is truly the essence of discourse, it determines not only the substantive forms of the theory, but also supplies it with the means of analysing its object, philosophically and empirically. This position, one which has many exponents in sociological commentary and critique in general,34 has one very definite consequence with regard to its conceptualisation of discourse: discourse is effectively reduced to a 'meaning-complex' in which its theories and concepts are seen as the expression of an essential meaning or fundamental postulate.
I) Modes of Internal Critique of Parsons The forms of internal criticism of Parsons - forms common in critiques throughout the humanities - have been presented as analyses of his 'basic assumptions', as critiques of the relations between his texts (in particular, between SSA and the later works) and so on, but in all of these cases, despite different approaches and conclusions, there is one unifying principle which justifies them being included under one general category. ) and certain basic notions .