By Christopher Hill
The years among 1603 and 1714 have been might be the main decisive in English background. in this interval smooth English society and a contemporary nation started to take form, and England's place on the planet was once reworked. because it used to be first released in 1961 The Century of Revolution has turn into validated as a vintage. It attempts to penetrate lower than the commonplace occasions to know what occurred' - to dull English women and men in addition to to kings and queens or abstractions like society' and the State'. It proves that the 17th century continues to be sufficiently a part of us this day, of our methods of considering, our prejudices, and our hopes, to be worthy attempting to comprehend. during this new version Dr. Hill contains crucial conclusions of beneficial learn over the past 20 years and has further postscripts drawing consciousness to particularly major books.
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Example text
The Reverend William Lee, who invented the stocking frame, was positively discouraged by governments, and died in poverty in 1610. Laud disliked profiteering: ‘This last year’s famine was made by man, and not by God,’ he said in Star Chamber, when enclosers were being heavily fined. Throughout the early Stuart period, governments thought it their duty to regulate industry, wages, and working conditions. In times of dearth they ordered Justices of the Peace to buy up corn and sell it below cost price; they forbade employers to lay off workers whose products they could not sell.
The great majority of them must have been delighted when the monopoly was overthrown by the Long Parliament. There is no sign that the craftsmen of London offered Charles I any support in the early sixteen-forties. The weakness of Stuart governments was that, unlike the French monarchy, they lacked a bureaucracy. Government regulations had to be enforced by professional informers, an unpopular and bribable class, and by unpaid Justices of the Peace, frequently themselves the employers against whom the regulations were directed.
The rest went into the pockets of patentees and courtiers. Since monopolies were enforced by the royal prerogative and the prerogative courts, they gave rise to constitutional conflicts. Parliament, the representative institution of the men of property, favoured greater industrial freedom. In 1624 Parliament declared that monopolies were opposed to the ‘fundamental laws of this . . realm’. Because of its invasion of the prerogative, this Statute of Monopolies was described by a contemporary as ‘a bill against monarchy’.