By G. L. Wright Jr., A. D. Cox (auth.), Professor Dr. Gerhard Seifer (eds.)
New tools in immunocytochemistry and hybridization ideas permit the pathologist lively in prognosis to explain extra successfully difficulties within the category and diagnosis of tumors. by means of adopting those tools into his diagnostic repertoire will probably be attainable to create a more in-depth, extra effective connection among morphological analysis and medical paintings. This quantity offers the reader an updated normal survey from overseas specialists of the tactic, method and sensible program of those new procedures.
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Extra info for Morphological Tumor Markers: General Aspects and Diagnostic Relevance
Sample text
Since the presence of the oncogene products, if any, in circulation will be extremely small in amount, so far all reports concerning their expression have been obtained from examination of tissue sections. The oncogene coded protein most extensively studied is ras oncogene protein p21, a protein product encoded by the members of the ras oncogene, the major neoplastic transformation-inducing genes of human solid tumors. In one study involving its expression in prostate cancer, all normal prostate and benign prostate tissues were shown to be devoid of p21 expression (VIOLA et al.
One isoenzyme, designated galactosyltransferase II (GT-II), has been identified to be primarily associated with cancer. An initial paper indicated that serum GT-II was elevated in 85/117 patients with colorectal cancer, 18/23 breast cancer, 13/20 lung cancer, 15/18 pancreas cancer and 12/16 gastric cancer, along with some patients in many other cancers, but no elevation was found in melanoma or osteosarcoma (PODOLSKY et al. 1981). A prospective study on GT-II isoenzyme involving 270 patients in detecting pancreatic cancer and comparing it with other biochemical (CEA, AFP, ferritin, C1q binding and RNAase) and physical diagnostic modalities has been reported (PODOLSKY et al.
Almost without exception, monoclonal antibody is the choice of reagent in immunochemical techniques, although it should be kept in mind that polyclonal antiserum reagent of proved value and quality can be equally effective. Typical advantages of monoclonal antibody are standardization of test reagent and consistency of quality control. At present no marker for general screening of cancer is yet in existence. Most of the clinical utilizations are in patient management of post-diagnosis, with a few that are potentially applicable in early detection of cancer for high risk population.