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By Hofmann A., Simon A., Grkovic T., Jones M.

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Wavelength selection can also be achieved by using coloured filters that absorb all but a certain limited range of wavelengths. This limited range is called the bandwidth of the filter. Filter-based wavelength selection is used in colorimetry, a method with moderate accuracy, but is best suited for specific colorimetric assays where only certain wavelengths are of interest. If wavelengths are selected by prisms or gratings, the technique is called spectrophotometry (Fig. 11). A prism splits the incoming light into its components by refraction.

Vibrational levels are only illustrated as exemplary. Solid vertical lines indicate radiative transitions, and dotted lines show non-radiative transitions. 5). Internal conversion (IC, blue dotted transitions): in condensed phases, molecules rapidly relax to the vibrational ground state of the first excited electronic state. Intersystem crossing (ISC; red dotted transition): change from a singlet to a triplet state. This is a disallowed transition, as ΔS 6¼ 0. 37 38 SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS than that required to reach the vibrational ground state of the first electronic excited state (S1v0).

All listed anions have very strong significant absorption bands below 200 nm. 0 15 000 SCN− promoting an electron from a lower d orbital into a higher orbital of the d shell. However, transitions between d orbitals are quantum mechanically forbidden (including the rule ΔS ¼ 0); therefore these transitions give rise to colouring of low intensity. Remember that intensity is the macroscopic manifestation of quantum mechanical probabilities. In complexes with ligands, metal ions can form charge-transfer complexes.

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