By James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self
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Example text
2 Native American Peoples, 1492 Having learned to live in many environments, Native Americans populated the entire Western Hemisphere. They created cultures that ranged from centralized agriculture-based societies (the Mayas and Aztecs), to societies that combined farming and hunting (the Iroquois and Algonquians), to seminomadic tribes of hunter-gatherers (the Micmacs and Ottowas). The great diversity of Native American peoples — in language, tribal identity, and ways of life — and the long-standing rivalries among neighboring peoples usually prevented them from uniting to resist the European invaders.
When Spanish conquistador Hernán de Soto invaded the region in the 1539, he found the Calusa, Apalachee [ap-a-LAH-chee], Timucua [TEE-moo-KOO-wa], and other Mississippian peoples living in permanent settlements under the command of powerful chiefs (see Voices from Abroad, “De Soto’s March of Destruction,” p. 16). “If you desire to see me, come where I am,” a chief told de Soto. ” A century and a half later, French traders and priests reported that the Natchez people were rigidly divided among hereditary chiefs, nobles and honored people, and a bottom class of peasants.
17 18 PART 1 THE CREATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETY, 1450–1763 The Peasant’s Fate For most peasants, survival meant constant labor, breaking the soil with primitive wooden plows and harvesting hay and grain with small hand sickles. In the absence of today’s high-quality seeds, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, output was pitifully small — less than onetwelfth of present-day yields. The margin of existence was small, and poverty corroded family relationships. Malnourished mothers fed their babies sparingly, calling them “greedy and gluttonous,” and many newborn girls were “helped to die” so that their brothers would have enough to eat.